In TIRF microscopy, fluorescent molecules are in a sample in an aqueous environment that is near a solid with a high refractive index, usually a glass coverslip. At what is called the critical angle, ...

In an optical fiber, the maximum angle from the axis at which light can remain confined within the core for "total internal reflection." In contrast to the "acceptance angle," which is measured ...

When a ray of light that is travelling through a piece of glass strikes the interface between the glass and the air, it changes direction according to Snell’s law. If the angle of incidence is less ...