Dutch researcher Bram Wijngaarden investigated how bottom quarks are created during collisions between protons and antiprotons. Wijngaarden’s measurements have contributed to a better understanding of ...

Trillions of times smaller than a grain of sand and smaller than an atomic proton or neutron, quarks are among the smallest particles in the universe. They are essentially building blocks for ...

Theorists have performed calculations to predict the temperature at which bottomonium mesons will melt. Bottomonium mesons are particles made of one of the six types of quark: a heavy bottom quark ...

Quark recombination in the quark-gluon plasma formed in high-energy nuclei collisions enhances the production of Bc mesons. These mesons consist of a charm quark and a bottom quark. Most of the ...